A Piece of History to Young Readers, The Treaty of...

Griswold Del Castillo, Richard. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. Richard Griswold del Castillo was born on October 26, 1942 in Los Angeles, California. His parents are Mr. Stanley and Mrs. Marie who made him who he is now. He is married to Maryann Girard and has two sons, who are named Charles and Ariel. Castillo also went to the University of California and a couple other universities besides California. He was a professor and instructor in many universities. His writings have also been translated into Spanish for other people to read as well. He has always loved traveling across the southwest area such as Arizona, New Mexico, and other cities in Mexico. He once said, he was committed to quantitative history in conjunction with other sources. Castillo was a piece of history to the younger readers and listeners now in California. Not only that, he also thought that family writings meant a lot especially in the southwest region. The purpose of this book is to explain how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was an important document between the two dominant countries. This famous book shows us how the treaty was read by courts also how much this means to the US. Almost taking one-half of Mexico’s vast territory. This made the US and Mexico not like each other through what had happened between them in the war. This book was made so we could understand more fluently the events and historical people

Essay on Biometrics Ethical and Privacy Issues - 1012 Words

Biometrics Ethical and Privacy Issues 9/9/12 Abstract Biometrics technology aims at utilizing major and distinctive characteristics such as behavioral or biological, for the sake of positively indentifying people. With the help of a combination of hardware and specific identifying sets of rules, a basic human attribute, automated biometric recognition mimics to distinguish and categorize other people as individual and unique. But the challenges surrounding biometrics are great as well. Biometrics Ethical and Privacy Issues Introduction Biometric systems are technologies that can scan physiological, chemical or behavioral characteristics of a subject for the sake of verifying or in other words authenticating their†¦show more content†¦It is important to note that the main applications of biometrics are utilized for preventing fraud and ensuring security. The use of biometrics has increased tremendously but so has social, ethical, privacy, practical and even political issues associated with it (Duquenoy, Jones amp; Blundell, 2008). Following is the detail regarding its ethical and privacy issue implications. Biometric Ethical Issues In the digital age, tools of biometric technology are increasingly being used as protection against identity theft. So the principle is that biometrics are a calculable behavioral trait or physical feature. One of the crucial elements while using privacy law to biometrics credit is the difference between identification and verification or in other words authentication. Identification biometrics is used in order to determine who an individual is, which can happen without any knowledge of or permission from an individual. Here ethical issues may arise since these identification systems require a certain databank that may contain personal information without even obtaining consent of the user. While the verification systems are used in a non-secret manner and voluntary way, similar to passwords or PIN’s and it makes sure that who an individual is. There is a continuous risk of abusing basic rights such as dignity and privacy without any major regulations. Biometrics also raises concerns with regards to integrity of human body. According to IrmaShow MoreRelatedBiometrics and Ethics Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesComputer technology brought upon many unexpected ethical issues. When discussing about ethics, we need to talk about the importance of computers and be able to answer questions like: what is the reason for addressing the impact of computers on ethics? In his article â€Å"What is computer ethics?† Dr. James Moor analyzed and elaborated the very question. Dr. Moor begins his article by defining computer ethics. 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Describe the Effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany Free Essays

Describe the effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany (9 marks) The Treaty of Versailles was the Peace Settlement between the Allies and Germany at the end of the First World War. The German authorities had little choice but to accept the treaty. The treaty rules were harsh and affected Germany negatively. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the main effects the treaty had on Germany was the fact they had to admit and put their hands up to being responsible for causing the war. The effect that this had was that everyone was going to hate Germany but also the country itself would be angry which could lead them into starting another war. Due to the fact they had to claim responsibility, it also meant they had to pay compensation to the allies. These payments, called reparations, would be paid monthly and would total some ? 6,600 million. Again, this made the country angry risking the start of another war, but also it meant that it would affect Germany finically causing them to be in major debt and cause poverty. In addition, Germany faced a large amount of territorial loss as a result of the treaty. In fact, Germany lost 13% of its land which contained 6 million Germans. The land Germany had owned was given to countries such as Poland, Denmark, Belgium and Lithuania. Consequently, Germanys population went into poverty and many of them lost their homes creating an overall negative effect. Moreover, the treaty stated that Germany had to disband their air force, limit the army to 100,000 soldiers and cut the navy to 15,000 sailors. Due to the limitation and cuts, many people lost their jobs causing them to go into poverty. The army had gone from employing 3 million people to now 100,000 people resulting in 2. million people becoming unemployed. As there weren’t as many soldiers, this meant Germany was vulnerable and became an easy target. Germany was open for an attack, but it meant Germany would be unable to attack other countries. Overall, the effect of the treaty of Versailles on Germany had an negative impact. Germany were spiralling downwards as they were in a large amount of debt, unprotected, vulnerable, angry and the population were in po verty. There is a clear risk of a war being created due to the harness of the treaty. How to cite Describe the Effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany, Essay examples

Cultural Absolutism Essay Research Paper Take Me free essay sample

Cultural Absolutism Essay, Research Paper Take Me Out to the Ballgame? I awaited the twenty-four hours before the large game in nervous apprehensiveness. Would the Red Sox be able to bounce from a 0-2 series shortage and progress to confront the Northerners? They had already won two consecutive games and evened the series at 2-2. The following game would be the bash or decease state of affairs. I stylishly dressed in all of my Red Sox dress ( even the lucky ruddy socks ) and prepared for an invigorating game. Mike from the 3rd floor came down to the first floor sofa to watch the large game. Bing from Cleveland, Mike was featuring all of his Indians dress. For the following the 3 hours Mike would be my most acrimonious enemy. Mike was the Antichrist. We would curse at each other, hurl missiles at each other, and perchance even have an outright hubbub if things got out of control. In the underside of the 2nd frame, the Indians got 2 hits, which spawned an hideous reaction from microphone. He sprung from his place, weaponries neglecting about, and began to make a mock Indian dance in forepart of me. # 8220 ; Sit your cockamamie ass down, # 8221 ; I likely yelled. Then he began to make the hatchet chop to his fantastically clich? 500 rendering of an Indian chant, # 8220 ; Ohhhh oh oh oh Ohhhh oh oh oh. # 8221 ; I looked up at Mike # 8217 ; s hat. The Cleveland Indian logo goofily stared down at me. The mascot of the Cleveland perpetuates a stereotyped image of Native Americans as a barbarian being tamed by colonists. Baseball, an American establishment, is guilty of gross outing racism. This blatantly racist symbol must strike an angry chord with modern-day Native Americans, whose past floods with illustrations of cultural maltreatment. On the chapeau of each participant, an Indian with conceited ruddy face and stupid carefree smile appears in an look of triumphing exultation. All his facial characteristics are exaggerated, and an erect plume stands above his caput like an alfalfa bean sprout. If it was up to me, I # 8217 ; vitamin Ds say scalp the commissioner of baseball for leting such an flagitious symbol of cultural racism to bloom and impact the multitudes on telecasting. How have the Cleveland Indians been able to acquire off with such a culturally take downing mascot without a important public call? Our cultural tyranny along with our naivete topographic points Native Americans on subhuman animalistic degree and feeds our unconscious impression that the logo is harmless. The bulk of Americans pattern cultural tyranny. Cultural tyranny, the inclination of persons to see their civilization as superior, ingrained itself into the American manner of life before Columbus landed. Americans have a world-wide repute as chesty, nescient, simple-minded cowpuncher. And these stereotypes are wholly justified by past illustrations of cultural abattoirs. I, as an American, can acknowledge our inclination to rule others in the service of distributing the # 8220 ; superior # 8221 ; manner of life. Native American people, misunderstood to this twenty-four hours, have been simplified to this bare, feather luging, crimson, doltishly barbarian sub-human animal. ( Notice that I use Native Americans, as opposed to Indians as Cleveland # 8217 ; s squad so casually labels them. Naming Native Americans Indians is subjecting to Columbus # 8217 ; blooper, and would do me even more nescient than I am already. ) They chant, dance and worship unusual divinities ; somehow they are below Westerners on the evolutionary concatenation. We have no context to judge their civilization except our ain, which is perfectly the normal, righteous one. Sport squads are normally coined with names of barbarian, or ferocious intensions, ferocious animate beings conquered by white colonists. The Cleveland Logo represents this dominated wild animate being. It exists for the same ground a glee huntsman puts some hapless carnal # 8217 ; s caput on the wall as a trophy. The Cleveland Indian asserts the American cowpuncher # 8217 ; s cultural tyranny. One would anticipate the politically right 90s to get rid of such a disturbingly blazing instance of institutionalised mainstream racism. Is tradition land for leting this Logo to have sustained mainstream attending implementing harmful cultural stereotypes? I # 8217 ; m sure the MLB association would state yes! But what do you state? To understand what # 8217 ; s incorrect with the Logo, allow # 8217 ; s measure outside our cultural positions to make some every bit culturally violative squads: How about the Boston Negro Boys, the Penny Pinching Baltimore Jews, The Springfield Spanish Spics, The Williamstown Whities, or Georgia # 8217 ; s winging Gooks. Those squads sound reasonably absurd and piquing. But are they any more absurd and violative so the Cleveland Indian # 8217 ; s logo? Hell no! Naivete assumes that the Cleveland Indians logo is harmless. Through childhood games of Cowboys and Indians, sketch word pictures, films, and Sons like that of the Cleveland Indians, socialization leads us to unconsciously accept these images. We succumb to naivety if we accept these unsound impressions, culturally fed into encephalons, at face value. Close your eyes. Try and pass over off all your cultural prejudices. Have you of all time been below the belt classified or belittled? Of class you have. It pissed you off, didn # 8217 ; t it? Keep you eyes closed. You are a Native American, proud of your heritage, haunted by your yesteryear. Open your eyes, and look down at the Cleveland Indians logo. A pathetic stereotyped imitation that insults you, your ascendants, and your people stands before you. I suppose we can neer understand the animus that this image conjures up, but we need to get the better of our naivete and get down to acknowledge it as damaging. Why does this culturally dismaying image still be, and non our illustrations of other culturally degrading squads? Where is the indignation? Indians do non hold the sort of political representation to contend the logo. Shoved off in their privy reserves, Indians have become artefacts, a sort of nexus to a past adult male. The preconceived impressions about Indians pervade in the head of everyone who played cowpuncher and Indians as a kid. The logo and Indian stereotypes have become such institutionalised symbols that they are similar to apple pie. Native Americans have been bullied long plenty. The national baseball ball association, those fans who do the Tomahawk chop, and you Mike are guilty of cultural racism. Applying civilization relativism is hard. Behind the smiling of the apparently harmless Cleveland Indian logo hides another illustration of American cultural tyranny. Are you unconsciously being a racialist? Don # 8217 ; t be fooled! And by the manner Mike, who ended up winning the game? 32d

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The eNotes Blog Helen Fielding Working on New Bridget Jones Novel(v.g.)

Helen Fielding Working on New Bridget Jones Novel(v.g.) Everyones favourite singleton to be thrust into the brave new world of Twitterature. Its been thirteen long years since a new volume of Bridget Jones diary, with all its obsessive weight woes and love laments, has been unleashed upon the world. In that time, fanatics have had to content themselves with reading the series two books over and over again, to the point of having memorized them by rote. (Okay, maybe some of us are more fanatical than others.) But the agonizing wait is finally over: Helen Fielding has confirmed that she is working on a new Bridget Jones novel to be released late next year. Hurrah! And one of the most interesting tidbits to come out of Fieldings announcement is how her writing and Bridgets life will be thrust into the world of 2012. Instead of beginning the day with her routine account of weight, alcohol units drunk, calories consumed, and 1471 calls made, Bridgets diary entries will begin with a tweet. Says Fielding, Its more like number of Twitter followers: 0. Still no followers. Still no followers.' Perhaps Fielding will take it a step further. What if Bridgets diary was not on paper at all? What if she has discovered the world of blogging, even tumblr, or instagram? Not only does the new medium give Fielding lots to play with, it gives Bridget an infinite number of worries to obsess over, like the number of visitors she has on her online dating profile, or her mothers permeating presence on Facebook. Worries that make her just like the rest of us, regretful though we are to admit it. In the age of social networks and text messages, Bridget has the power of instant drunken replies.Oof, tumbled over. As for the story at the heart of the work, its a mystery as to whether the perennial men of Bridgets life, sensible Mark Darcy and reprehensible Daniel Cleaver, will be making an appearance. Some characters remain and some may have disappeared, Fielding said. Theyll still be presences in the book. Like all of us you keep your friends, people stay in your life, but everyones life moves on. What? Possibly no Darcy and Cleaver? But what will have become of Bridget? If she is to have aged in real time, that would put her in her late 40s to early 50s. Is she the tragic spinster retread she always feared shed be, the threat of being half eaten by alsatians looming? Or the lonely single mother of a pair of troublesome teenagers? Fielding isnt giving away much information. She has grownup. My life has moved on and hers will move on too. Shes still trying to give up [drinking and smoking], shes still on a diet. Shes trying a bit harder, and is a bit more successful, but shes never really going to change. Phew. Now all one has to worry about awaiting this twitterature-influenced Bridget Jones episode is avoiding eating the entire contents of ones fridge. Non v.g.

Using deductive and inductive reasoning write a paper stating why Term

Using deductive and inductive reasoning write a stating why teenagers should have a curfew - Term Paper Example Based on research teenagers under curfew have high moral respect for both their parents and other people. On the other hand, teenagers not monitored always fall in social problems. This includes violent crimes and prostitution related activities. It, therefore, is a non-disputed fact that having students in curfews shapes their future. Keeping teenagers in curfew is a means of curtailing their freedom while improving their future. The consequences of curfews for teenagers do not serve their purpose. They are lousy ideas, which force teenagers to do the exact opposite of what is expected. According to research, teenagers tend to violate rules of curfew to do the extreme. They arrive in school late and engage in indiscipline cases, to get notice from other students (Robert 68). Drawing boundaries for teenagers initiate a fight between the students and the set boundaries. Teenagers under curfew, therefore, are problematic that teenagers acting on a free will. Consequently, curfews derail teenagers from revealing their talents, which should be exploited adequately. Talents are extremely beneficial in the life of teenagers; therefore, teenagers need curfews for regulation. Students lacking curfews tend to waste their talents on non-relevant

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Strategic management - Essay Example Running an advert for a new project is significant before embarking in the real project. Therefore, vital control measures play a major role. Again, if the implementation is not executed according to plan, the company will not attain its desired goals. Strategic surveillance is essential for observing events in and out of a business that have a high potential of affecting the strategy. This is done by carrying out market research, utilizing past information, attending business meetings and tracking social networking sites. When a small business is planning to establish a new project, it is important for it to analyze literature in the relevant field to avoid making the wrong decision (Stephen, Lakhani, Brown & Malmi, 2008). On the other hand, special alert control refers to a thorough and speedy reassessment of a company’s strategy following a sudden event. For example, when an investor acquires a company’s competitor, it demands for immediate reassessment of the strategy because the investor could be planning to position the competitor so that it can achieve a competitive advantage. Surveillance control only predicts on potential risks while special alert control works to correct the predicted occurrence. Implementa tion control ensures that any established strategy whether meets the expected threshold. Operational control and assessment are essential in every business organization. The operations determine the possible outcome in the end. This means that high operational cost will lead to lesser profits hence the need to incorporate time, budgets and success factors in operations control and evaluation. Operations management ensures that proper designing, planning and control of production process is attained so that the business targets are met (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Budgets are essential in establishing whether the operations are going beyond the manageable levels. Budgets

Fashion Promotion of Dior JAdore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Fashion Promotion of Dior JAdore - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Promotion of Dior J’Adore" discovers the Promotion of Dior J’Adore. Francis Demachy enjoyed a very good repute since his past experience was with another luxury brand, Chanel, and was responsible for managing the in-house creation of the perfumes. There is a long history associated with the creation of J’Adore , where the founder of the Dior, Christian Dior always expressed his passion towards the flowers and wanted to incorporate the fragrance of the flowers in a bottle so that the scent was at the disposal of the users. This is known as one of the most feminine scents of the modern world were the glamorous fragrance of the perfume has not only made it incredibly popular in the market of the luxury goods but at the same time the popularity of the perfume had enabled the House of Dior to even introduced the several variants which have different concentrations. The scent of the J’Adore is gleaming, brilliant and luminous and thanks to the shimmery texture of the perfume, that when it is applied it leaves golden scent shimmers on the skins of the users which look very much like the sunbeams. J’Adore is regarded as one of the most incredible female brands and it depicts a feminine and delicate touch which is in line with the style which has been adopted by Dior. It is sweet but bamy at the same time, which a very sharp floral with an addition of the fresh mandarin , jasmine, plum and roses and musky scent to it at the same time. The brand identity which has been established with J’Adore.... It is sweet but bamy at the same time, which a very sharp floral with an addition of the fresh mandarin , jasmine, plum and roses and musky scent to it at the same time. Overview of the Brand Identity The brand identity which has been established with J’Adore is that there is touch of sophistication and glamour attached with it, giving the user a very lush , high quality experience. It uses a brand enforcing strategy where a class division has been added by enforcing the superiority in the product. The conventional and the traditional approach which had previously been adopted by the luxury products has been rejected by J’Adore and denounces the materialistic view, which not only gives the brand a strong brand identity but at the same time has been able to give J’Adore a competitive edge as well. It very clearly states in the advertisements and the marketing strategies that the gold , expensive cars , jewellery do not play any role in making you stand out from th e crowd, but instead it is your unique fragrance that plays a part in helping you stand out. Brand has projected its tag line stating : ‘wear J’adore and you can regain your sense of humanity.’ (When The World Whispers†¦Shout | Corporate Brand Management) â€Å"Gold is cold. Diamonds are dead. A limousine is a car. Don’t pretend. Feel what’s real† is the line which has been used in many of the advertisements of the perfume, which adheres to the view point, stated above. â€Å"(When The World Whispers†¦Shout | Corporate Brand Management) The uniqueness of the perfume can be displayed in the bottle which is in the shape of a Greek Amphora which exhibits

Cancer Stem Cells: Properties, Concepts and Models

Cancer Stem Cells: Properties, Concepts and Models Tumours are made up of a heterogeneous population of cells which are distinct in terms of their differentiation competencies, proliferative capabilities as well as functional properties. [A] The mechanisms responsible for such heterogeneity are the subject of research, and two models have been put forth in order to explain the phenomenon – Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and clonal evolution. [A] Cancer stem cells are a subset of the total population of cells in a tumour that have the ability to undergo self-renewal, as well as to differentiate into the different types of cells that comprise the tumour. [A] These CSCs are said to be responsible for tumorigenesis as well as for driving tumour growth. [U] Evidence supporting the existence of cancer stem cells Differences in clonogenicity among cancer cells were first documented in cases of leukaemia and multiple myeloma. It was found that 0.01 – 1% of the cells were capable of extensive proliferation, and able to establish colonies when grown in vitro (Park, C. H., Bergsagel, D. E. McCulloch, E. A. Mouse myeloma tumor stem cells: a primary cell culture assay. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 46, 411–422 (1971). Two possible explanations existed for this – either leukemic cells had a low overall capacity for proliferation, or only a definite subset of these cells were clonogenic. In 1994, John Dick and his group of researchers carried out a landmark study where CSCs were isolated from a mouse model that had been transplanted with human AML cells. [Z15] This was the first conclusive evidence for the existence of a subset of the leukaemia cells that were highly clonogenic, in comparison to the remaining cancer cells. It was later observed that a similar condition exists in the case of solid tumours, where only a small subset of the total cell population is tumorigenic. [G] Origins of cancer stem cells Several contradictory theories exist regarding the cellular origins of cancer stem cells. Some state that these cells are derived from normal stem cells that have acquired oncogenic mutations [G], others refute this with the claim that cancer stem cells can arise from a committed progenitor cell that has acquired the properties of a stem-cell during its cancerous transformation [Z1], while yet others suggest that these cells could arise as a result of a fusion event between a stem cell and a tumour cell. [N] The idea that cancers could arise from normal stem cells is highly plausible because not only do they continuously undergo divisions, but they are also long lived, allowing them to accumulate multiple mutations, as is required for a cancerous transformation. [B] Apart from the accumulation of mutations, the interaction of a cell with its local microenvironment also influences the tumorigenic process. Mouse leukaemia models have been able to provide evidence that given suitable niche conditions, a progenitor cell is capable of de-differentiating to form a CSC. [V] However, since most progenitor and mature cells have a relatively short life-span, it seems unlikely that will be able to acquire the oncogenic mutations required to render them tumorigenic. [I] Despite these explanations, the exact origin of most tumours and cancer stem cells remains unknown, and can only be speculated based on experimental findings. [A] Additionally, irrespective of the origin, the identification and isolation of CSCs in a tumour indicates that there exists a functional hierarchy exists within the tumour tissue. [L] Properties of cancer stem cells These cells can undergo symmetric as well as asymmetric divisions, which results in the expansion of the cancer stem cell population itself, as well as an increase in the number of differentiated cells that constitute the bulk of the tumour. [Z1] THE CANCER STEM CELL MODEL As previously mentioned, two models have been put forth to explain the heterogeneity of a tumour cell population. The first model is the CSC model, also known as the hierarchical model, which states that within a tumour, there exist different classes of cells and that the CSCs represent a biologically distinct subpopulation of cells that are capable of propagating the tumour. [C] It suggests that the characteristics of the cells within the tumour are intrinsically determined and therefore only certain cells possess the ability to undergo extensive proliferation to initiate tumour formation, these cells are called the CSCs; while the remaining cells are incapable of tumorigenisis. According to the CSC model, although most cancers arise from a group of cells that are genetically monoclonal in nature, the high level of tumour heterogeneity is a result of the interaction between cells that are in different states of differentiation after have initiated from a common precursor. [Z12] Evidence supporting this hypothesis emerges from the observation that though tumours may initially respond well to chemotherapy, there is often a case of relapse; which could occur due to the CSCs that persist post-treatment and are then able to re-initiate tumour formation. [Z13] There are, however, limitations to the CSC model; the first being that all studies that support it have only addressed the potential of the cells to proliferate and give rise to tumours, but not the actual fate. [D] Since the conditions applied to test the tumorigenic potential of these cells may vary considerably from the conditions experienced by the cells in vivo, we do not know which of these cells actually contribute to the establishment and growth of the primary tumour. It is also noteworthy that it has been found that if the population of cancer cells acquires an immense number of mutations and aberrations, then almost all of them begin to show stem-like properties. [C] In such a case, the CSC model becomes irrelevant. On the other hand, the stochastic model states that cells in a tumour are biologically equivalent, and that each cell has the ability to act as a CSC, given the right circumstances. A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic influences is said to determine the proliferative capacity and the ultimate fate of a cell. [C] Behaviour of a cell is therefore not pre-determined by intrinsic characters alone and tumour initiating cells cannot be enriched. It is however likely for both these paradigms to be observed in vivo, in different cancers. Some cancers may follow the CSC model, while others may not. Based on transplantation studies in mice, it has been found that only in a fraction of cases, does AML follow the CSC model while in others there is no evidence for the existence of a highly tumorigenic sub-population of cells that continue to display CSC activity upon serial propagation. [F] Therefore, although CSCs may be responsible for driving the growth of a majority of tumours and cancers, there are studies which indicate that certain malignancies may be sustained primarily by the bulk of the tumour cells. [F] IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF CANCER STEM CELLS Cancer stem cell assays Purification and enrichment techniques CSC markers CSCs in various cancers HETEROGENEITY IN CANCER STEM CELL POPULATIONS Based on the study of the CSC model, the question arises as to whether similar hierarchical subpopulations of tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic are observed in patients suffering from the same type of cancer; and whether these tumorigenic CSCs can be isolated based on conserved cell- surface markers. However it has been found that there are often phenotypic differences in CSCs even within the same cancer sub-type. [E] For example, though it has been found that the CD44+/CD24- population of breast cancer cells are generally tumorigenic, this is not universally the case and in certain cases, it has been found that cells of diverse phenotypes are able to act as CSCs. (Al-Hajj, M., Wicha, M.S., Benito-Hernandez, A., Morrison, S.J., and Clarke, M.F. (2003). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3983–3988.) Similarly, in gliomas CD133 expression is not always associated with CSCs, and in certain instances CD133- cells have also been found to be tumorigenic. (Beier, D. et al. CD133+ and CD133– glioblastoma derived cancer stem cells show differential growth characteristics and molecular profiles. Cancer Res. 67, 4010–4015 (2007). Apart from the phenotype, the frequency of CSCs in a solid tumour or population of cancer cells is also variable. In melanomas, CSCs constitute anything between 1.6 to 20% of the total cells, while in the case of colorectal carcinomas, they represent between 1.8 to 24.5% of the cells. [A] Additionally, in general, the percentage of CSCs in solid tumours has been found to be significantly higher than the percentage of leukemic stem cells. [Z15] This heterogeneity has implications on the prognosis of the disease as well as the outcomes of various therapeutic interventions. It is envisioned that with the identification of more refined markers and improved methods for determination of CSC frequency, we may eventually be able to correlate the percentage of CSCs with the tumour grade and the outcome. [A]

Feedback Stress: Does Auditory Feedback Negatively Affect Performance o

The Stroop Effect In his historic study, Stroop found that reading names of colors interfered with individuals’ ability to name the ink color the word was printed in when the two differed (i.e., the word â€Å"BLUE† written in red ink) (1935). However, the basis of this phenomenon can be traced back to Cattell who found that naming colors and pictures took twice as long to accomplish than reading the word these colors or pictures represented (1886). He concluded that this was due to reading being an automatic process while identifying colors or pictures requires a conscious effort (Cattell, 1886). MacLeod (1991) reflects that it was Cattell’s work which strongly influenced future psychologist including Stroop. In his experiment, Stroop investigated how the reaction time to name colors increased when it conflicted with the automatic process of reading. He broke down his experiment into three parts. In the first, he tested how reading the name of a color printed in a different ink color (i.e., BLUE) differed from reading the name of a color printed in black ink (i.e., BLUE). The difference between the name of the color and the ink color it was printed in caused a slight interference resulting in an increased reaction time of 2.3 seconds (Stroop, 1935). In the second part of his experiment, Stroop (1935) looked at reaction time differences between naming the color of solid blocks (i.e., ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"  ) versus naming the color of the ink not the name of the color (i.e., responding â€Å"RED† for BLUE). He found that participants required 74% more time to name the color of the ink when it did not agree with the name of the color (Stroop, 1935). Stroop concluded that it was the interference between the automatic process of reading the na... ...a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 254-284. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254 MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop Effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163-203. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 Richards, A., French, C. C., Johnson, W. Naparstek, J., & Williams, J. (1992). Effects of mood manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task. British Journal of Psychology, 83(4), 479-491. Shor, R. E. (1975). An auditory analog of the Stroop test. Journal of General Psychology, 93(2), 281-288. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643-662. Thorndike, E. L. (1913). Educational psychology, volume ii: The psychology of learning. New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University.

How does your business interpret internal / external staffing information Essay

An important task for the personnel department is to make sure that human resource planning is carried out. It is like marketing planning and it is planning of the overall business. If the employees within the business are used effectively then the business’s objectives are achieved. Planning of human resources will help the business to do this best. It is not only the human resources department’s responsibilities to make sure that this is carried out. It is also part of the marketing; production and finance managers’ responsibility to make sure that it is carried out. Human resource planning is often said to contain a soft and a hard side. The soft side of planning tends to include planning how to motivate and stratify workers, planning how to develop a certain a certain organizational culture or approach in employees, like good relations with customers, or quality all stages of production; and planning how to support or develop employees, like training. The hard side is concerned with quantifying the number, quality and type of employees that will be needed. It is also often known as manpower plan. It can include analyzing current employment needs, forecasting the likely future demand for employees by the business; forecasting the likely future supply of workers that will be available to hire; and predicting labour turnover, the extent to which workers leave the business. Planning can take place short term and long term. Short term planning is aimed at the immediate/present needs of the business, like the filling the vacancies left, say, and due to maternity leave. Long term planning will look at planning for the future, like if the firm was to change production, then it would need to plan the number of employees needed. The first step in manpower planning is to conduct a skills audit and assessment of an organisation’s employees. This provides a comprehensive picture of the supply of labour available to Safeway from internal sources; it examines the skills, attributes and potential of the organisation’s current employment. The audit is based on the manpower inventory, consisting of computerised personnel records on each employee covering: * Age, gender and material status * Date employment * How the employee first heard of the vacancy with the organisation * Job title * Department, section and job location * Employment status * Previous job titles within the organisation * Work experience within the organisation * Pervious work experience with other employers * Performance and attainment * Qualifications * Training and development * Potential for transfer and/ or promotion. All the information that is gathered from the manpower inventory can be analysed by Safeway not only to determine the manpower resource but it can also identify important trends that may have implications for its future labour requirements. The data that is obtained can also be used to measure and analyse, labour turnover, labour stability index, sickness and accident rates, age structure of the workforce and succession. The labour turnover ratio is used to measure the total number of employees leaving an organisation in a given period of time, which is usually a year. It is calculated in percentage terms using the formula: Labour turnover = number of employees leaving over specific period x 100 Average number of people employed The labour turnover for Safeway is: – = 15 x 100 250 Labour turnover =6% Therefore the labour turnover for Safeway is very low, where this is extremely good because it shows that only 6% actually leave within a year. A labour turnover ratio of 25% is generally considered acceptable. It’s when the rate starts to reach 30 % or more that then alarm bell start to ring. A high labour turnover rate can be indicative of a number of problems: there could be poor recruitment, with ‘wrong’ people being selected for jobs, low levels of motivation within the department, or employee dissatisfaction with unfavourable wage rates or working conditions. It may also be due to the induction process is failing and that new employees are not being made to feel comfortable. It is also important that Safeway measure the labour turnover rate to warn of potential problems, so that the management can take appropriate action. The replacing of employees can cause a lot of disruption in the efficiency; it can also create costs for recruitment and training. For Safeway to meet its manpower planning it is important that it minimises labour turnover. Another important ratio that is used, and measures, which is more suitable is the labour stability index, as the labour turnover is generally measured. The labour stability index is measured by this formula: – Labour stability = number employed with more than 12 months service x 100 Total number of staff employed one year ago The labour stability for Safeway is: – = 157 x 100 196 Labour stability = 80 The index stability represents stability because it emphasises those employees that stay rather than leave. The labour stability, which is 80, means that only 20% of workers leave, so this is a very good employment for Safeway. The aim of Safeway is to provide an excellent service to their customers. Here is a plan that can be used to make sure that this is set by Safeway and its employees, goals will be set for the behaviour of employees, like being polite to customers. This would be achieved with training being provided on customer care to employees. It is important that Safeway’s is aware of the current staff needs. In Safeway this can be done with the use of questionnaires to employees and customers, interviews with staff, performance data, discussions with managers, and recruitment or promotion information. Safeway’s can give questionnaire to customers to see whether customer service on the checkouts is good or not. If there is a problem then it should be sorted out; Safeway can do this with extra staff or more training, creating a quicker and better service for customers. I believe that at busy times more staff are required on the checkouts, as this is a occasional problem, and many customers are frustrated waiting in long queue. This is also very beneficial to employees as they will be less stressed and more motivated to meet certain goals which are set. A satisfied customer means a better reputation for the store. An introduction of bonuses based on sales will be a large motivator for staff and can also be beneficial towards the customers, as they will be gaining a better service. An important factor, which will need to taken into consideration when the forecasting new employment are the effects of new or old businesses in the area. Development of housing in the area as this will create a greater demand on the store. The methods of transportation for employees and customers to the store. This is very important because people need good transport e.g. cars, public transport to be reliable, this will lead to punctuality for employees. Also customers need easy access into the store and this is Safeway’s main priority for transport, because without this customers will not even bother coming if it’s difficult to get there. However I feel that Safeway manage to give customers easy access very well, because they also have to think about the football match days because Safeway is right near the football stadium. So on match days they don’t allow people who are not shopping to park in the Safeway car park unless they wish to pay. And local employment trends or local educational or government training schemes can make a difference in the workforce. Recruitment is a very pricey and time-consuming practise and so it is very important that Safeway implements a means of evaluating its efficiency and success. Safeway does not just determine its measure of effectiveness and success by the number of recruits that remain with the organisation over a specific period of time, even though it can be useful. Safeway evaluates every stage of its recruitment process. Safeway uses its labour turnover rate as a form of weaknesses or strengths indicator in its recruitment process. If the labour turnover rate were to be low then Safeway’s training and recruitment procedures are successfully taking place. Being able to get the recruitment procedure right can lead to considerable improvements in the organisation’s performance.

Catalog Shopping - Mail Order Homes and Stock Plans

Catalog Shopping - Mail Order Homes and Stock Plans Did your old house come in the mail? Between 1906 and 1940, thousands of North American homes were built according to plans sold by mail order companies such as Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Wards. Often the entire mail order house (in the form of labeled timbers) came via freight train. Other times, builders used local materials to construct homes according to the mail order catalog house plans. Today, catalog homes can be bought online. Stock plans are pre-drawn building plans that you can order from a catalog, magazine, or website. Most builders and developers offer a number of house plans in stock from which you may choose. Stock plans ordered through the mail or downloaded from a website may include floor plans, foundation plans, structural framing plans, electrical and plumbing plans, cross-section drawings, and elevation drawings. If you are not sure about your selection, you can usually obtain an inexpensive floor plan to review. However, you will need to buy the full set of plans before you can apply for a building permit and begin construction. Catalog house plans by Sears, Montgomery Wards, Aladdin, and other companies were widely distributed in the United States and Canada in what has generally been called pattern books. Where are those plans now? To find the original plans and to learn other important information about your mail order house, follow the steps listed below. Search for Written Records The neighbors may say your home was made by Sears, but they could be mistaken. Several other companies also sold house kits and house plans. To find out who made your house, check building permits, mortgage agreements, deeds, and other public records. Also look through scrapbooks, old correspondence, and ledgers to discover how old is your house. Look for Physical Clues Scout around in the cellar and attic for numbers or words stamped on joists and rafters. Also check your homes hardware and plumbing fixtures. You may be able to find trade names that will identify the manufacturer of your home. Keep in mind that the popular catalog houses were widely copied by local builders. Its easy to mistake a locally-made home for one designed by Sears or Wards. Use the process of architectural investigation. Browse  Online Catalogs Actual pages from historic house plan catalogs are reproduced on several websites. As you browse through these pages, remember that plans were often used for several years after they were first created. So, if your house was built in 1921, make sure to also browse plans for earlier years. Here are some good places to start: Mail Order House Plans  Index in  ThoughtCo.comSears Archives - Find catalog images and network with owners of Sears Mail Order houses. Browse Print Catalogs Cant find anything that resembles your house online? Dont give up. Browse through original or reproduction catalogs at your library or bookstore. Some catalogs even include construction information such as the type of woods to use. Here are a few reproduction Sears catalogs availalble from Amazon.com: Small Houses of the Twenties, the Sears, Roebuck 1926 House Catalog. Construction information includes detailed illustrations of interiors and fixtures.  Sears, Roebuck Homebuilders Catalog  - The Complete Illustrated 1910 Edition. Well-illustrated with construction specifications.  Homes in a Box, Modern Homes from Sears Roebuck, Schiffer Publishing. Reproduction of Sears 1912 Modern Homes catalog.   Be Open-Minded Local builders and homeowners often customized mail order plans, adding porches, moving doors, and adapting details to accommodate personal tastes and needs. The mail order plans you find may not resemble your own home exactly. Study the Ads The catalog page for your mail order home will provide a wealth of information. Youll find the original retail price of the house and the types of materials used. Youll see floor plans and a simple drawing of the house. You might even find some construction details and specifications. Stock Plans Today Stock plans dont have to be from Sears, Roebuck and Company, although bungalows by mail were popular at the turn of the 20th century. Pre-drawn plans dont have to be manufactured built or prefab homes. These days, architects may make custom plans for a client and then put those plans on the market as stock plans.  Houseplans.com is one avenue for these architects. Does all this seem like a lot of work? You bet! But researching your mail order home is also fun and fascinating. Youll enjoy the journey, and along the way youre likely to meet friends who share your enthusiasm for older homes.  Good luck!

Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda

Since the 1994 genocide’s the country of Rwanda has drastically changed. Rwanda is in desperate need of guidance and security in the aspect of reconciliation. Rwanda faces two major problems. One is its population and the other being its political ecology. Rwanda’s population is rising rapidly. At the rate that it’s going it is predicted that the population will double every twenty-two years. â€Å"Its estimated that to every one family there are at least seven to nine children†¦out of those siblings at least one of them suffers from a generic disorder.† (Topouzis 66) Families such as this do, in fact, exist. The Fuddah family being one of them, however there are more. The head of this particular household is a woman and she can barely support herself let alone the seven children that she presently has. The youngest of her seven is a two-moth old girl who suffers from MS (Multiple Sclerosis). There is nothing that she or her family can do because they lack the health benefits needed to take care of a person in this condition. â€Å"†¦She is dying right before my eyes and there is nothing that I as her mother can do†¦I am hurt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Topouzis 65) There are almost no medical benefits available for families such as the Fuddah’s. Do to the fact that in most families there are women as the head of the house holds women are discriminated against and are unable to get things such as food, water, clothing, and other things to this nature. Due to the fact that human resources development was neglected by administration, Rwanda was left with a low skilled population. Because of this education was limited for a particular population. The Government of National Unity quickly changed this. They re-installed meritocracy in the education system and made it so that more resources were to be used to build and rebuild schools. It is said that by the year 2003 universal elementary education is subject to introduction. The gover... Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda Since the 1994 genocide’s the country of Rwanda has drastically changed. Rwanda is in desperate need of guidance and security in the aspect of reconciliation. Rwanda faces two major problems. One is its population and the other being its political ecology. Rwanda’s population is rising rapidly. At the rate that it’s going it is predicted that the population will double every twenty-two years. â€Å"Its estimated that to every one family there are at least seven to nine children†¦out of those siblings at least one of them suffers from a generic disorder.† (Topouzis 66) Families such as this do, in fact, exist. The Fuddah family being one of them, however there are more. The head of this particular household is a woman and she can barely support herself let alone the seven children that she presently has. The youngest of her seven is a two-moth old girl who suffers from MS (Multiple Sclerosis). There is nothing that she or her family can do because they lack the health benefits needed to take care of a person in this condition. â€Å"†¦She is dying right before my eyes and there is nothing that I as her mother can do†¦I am hurt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Topouzis 65) There are almost no medical benefits available for families such as the Fuddah’s. Do to the fact that in most families there are women as the head of the house holds women are discriminated against and are unable to get things such as food, water, clothing, and other things to this nature. Due to the fact that human resources development was neglected by administration, Rwanda was left with a low skilled population. Because of this education was limited for a particular population. The Government of National Unity quickly changed this. They re-installed meritocracy in the education system and made it so that more resources were to be used to build and rebuild schools. It is said that by the year 2003 universal elementary education is subject to introduction. The gover... Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda GENOCIDE IN RWANDA Beginning on April 6, 1994, and for the next hundred days, up to 800,000 Tutsis were killed by Hutu militia using clubs and machetes, with as manias 10,000 killed each day. Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Central Africa, with just 7 million people, and is comprised of two main ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Although the Hutus account for 90 percent of the population, in the past, the Tutsi minority was considered the aristocracy of Rwanda and dominated Hutu peasants for decades, especially while Rwanda was under Belgian colonial rule. Related Map Central Africa Following independence from Belgium in 1962, the Hutu majority seized power and reversed the roles, oppressing the Tutsis through systematic discrimination and acts of violence. As a result, over 200,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries and formed a rebel guerrilla army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front. In 1990, this rebel army invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu President Juvenal Habyalimana into signing an accord which mandated that the Hutus and Tutsis would share power. Assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first popularly elected Hutu president of neighboring Burundi. A United Nations peacekeeping force of 2,500 multinational soldiers was then dispatched to Rwanda to preserve the fragile cease-fire between the Hutu government and the Tutsi rebels. Peace was threatened by Hutu extremists who were violently opposed to sharing any power with the Tutsis. Among these extremists were those who desired nothing less than the actual extermination of the Tutsis. It was later revealed they had even drawn up lists of prominent Tutsis and moderate Hutu politicians to kill, should the opportunity arise. In April 1994, amid ever-increasing prospects of violence, Rwandan President Habyalimana and Burundi's new President, Cyprien Ntaryamira, held several peace meetings with Tutsi rebels. On April 6, while returning from a meeting in Tanzania, a small... Free Essays on Genocide in Rwanda Genocide in Rwanda The definition of genocide as given in the Webster’s College Dictionary is â€Å"The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† This definition depicts the situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small, poor, central African country. The Rwandan genocide was the systematic extermination of over eight hundred thousand Tutsi, an ethnic group in Rwanda, by the Hutu, another ethnic group in Rwanda. In this essay I will briefly describe the history of the conflict of the Hutu and Tutsi, the 100 days of genocide in 1994, and the affects of the massacre on the economy and the people of Rwanda. To fully understand why this slaughter occurred, we must first look at the history of the Hutu and the Tutsi. In the early 1900’s, the Tutsi were placed in positions of power by Belgium, because they looked â€Å"whiter†. Governed by Belgium’s racist way of thought, ethnic identity cards were introduced. The Catholic Church supported the Tutsi and the new social order and educated the Tutsi and imposed their religion on them. Though the population of Rwanda was ninety percent Hutu, they were denied land ownership, education, and positions of power. In the 1950’s, the end of the colonial period, the Hutu overthrew the Tutsi government. The Hutu maintained the practices of ethnic division, and the Tutsi were forcibly removed from positions of power. Many Tutsi fled from Rwanda and were not allowed to return. Many Tutsi that stayed in Rwanda were killed. Supported by Uganda, the Tutsi formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a rebel army. The rebel army was anxious to regain citizenship and their homes in Rwanda, and began a civil war that lasted four years. The world wide coffee market crashed, and coffee being the main export of Rwanda, led to unemployment and hunger of many Rwandans. This, along with pressure from Belgium forced the Hutu to agree to share power with the Tutsi. This was a ... Free Essays on Genocide In Rwanda Genocide in Rwanda The definition of genocide as given in the Webster’s Dictionary is â€Å"The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† This definition portrays the situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small, poor, central African country. The Rwandan genocide was the systematic extermination of over 800,000 Tutsi people (an ethnic group in Rwanda), by the Hutu people (another ethnic group in Rwanda). The genocide lasted 100 days and the affects of the massacre on their economy, and their people were massive. Genocide is basically like extinction, and is wrong, but the history between the two groups, and their conflicts was deep. To fully understand why this slaughter occurred, we must first look at the history of the Hutu and the Tutsi. In the early 1900’s, the Tutsi were placed in positions of power by Belgium, because they looked â€Å"whiter†. Governed by Belgium’s racist way of thought, ethnic identity cards were introduced. The Catholic Church supported the Tutsi and the new social order and educated the Tutsi and imposed their religion on them. Though the population of Rwanda was ninety percent Hutu, they were denied land ownership, education, and positions of power. In the 1950’s, the end of the colonial period, the Hutu overthrew the Tutsi government. The Hutu maintained the practices of ethnic division, and the Tutsi were forcibly removed from positions of power. Many Tutsi fled from Rwanda and were not allowed to return. Many Tutsi that stayed in Rwanda were killed. Supported by Uganda, the Tutsi formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a rebel army. The rebel army was anxious to regain citizenship and their homes in Rwanda, and began a civil war that lasted four years. The world wide coffee market crashed, and coffee being the main export of Rwanda, led to unemployment and hunger of many Rwandans. This, along with pressure from Belgium for...

Working with people and organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Working with people and organisations - Essay Example In order for GSCC to maintain contact with both the users and providers of social services, they usually have a code of conduct for the workers. This interface is very beneficial because social care workers, employers and users are able to know their rights in the use of the service. A worker usually gets a guide during his or her practice. Therefore, he or she knows what is expected of him or her. Secondly, an employer gets to know what he is supposed to do to ensure that the social care that his employees provide is of high quality. Thirdly, the code also helps the public to be aware of the expected of a behavior of a social worker. Moreover, the public also gets to know how an employer should support his employees in carrying out their jobs (code of practice for social care workers). (Williams, 2009, pg 13) In the event whereby a social worker realizes that a colleague or an employer is contravening the codes of practice, he should report the case to the relevant authorities. Curr ently, GSCC refers to the reporting process as whistle blowing. However, before this body was set up there was he Aspect, which performed a similar function. Unfortunately, Aspect did not have the capacity to protect people who reported such scenarios against victimization.

International finance assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International finance assessment - Essay Example A notable weakness of the theory emanates from the counter-intuitive nature of the comparative advantage principle. This means that the assumptions made by the theory defy logic. The other weakness of the comparative advantage theoretical assumptions is that they can be confused with the assumptions made by the absolute advantage theory. As such, people may contradict the assumptions made by this theory with the assumptions made by the absolute advantage approach (Carbaugh, 2011). In most cases, Multinational Corporations tend to stand out as more competitive than domestic firms. This emanates from the fact that these firms deal with a diverse variety of goods and services, thus motivating people to purchase from them. In addition, multinational corporations employ modern forms of technology, which enable them to meet the needs of the customers. Large scale production by multinational corporations can also be regarded as another factor that contributes to their competitiveness. With mass production, these firms can meet the market demands of the customers since they produce in large quantities, thus reducing the shortages in the market. The other reason why MNEs thrive at the expense of local firms is because they sell goods at a lower price than domestic firms. Since they do not incur high production costs (because they use advanced technology), MNEs can price goods at an affordable price (Carbaugh, 2011). There are various forms of comparative advantage, which can be regarded as different based on a number of factors. One of the forms of comparative advantage includes absolute advantage, which states that one of the countries taking part in international trade has the capacity to have a higher output in every unit produced than the other country. For example, one country can have high output of coffee in each of the units of the product that it produces. Based on comparative advantage, when one of the countries has a

Public Defense v. Private Defense Research Paper

Public Defense v. Private Defense - Research Paper Example (Hoffman,2004) The main hurdle in respect of a public defender is the fact that since there would be a huge load of cases, the time spent on individual cases would be lesser. Further, contrary to the private defense there would lesser access to important tools, like private investigators. Even though, this can be curtailed by the funding of the public defender’s office. (Hoffman,2004) Clearly, in respect of the private defender there would significant time as well as resources to spend on a client; since the client would be willing to pay the private defender would be willing to pay for the same. (McDonald, 1983) Another important element which needs to be taken into account is the fact that the amount which would be received by a public defender would be significantly lesser than that paid to the private defense. It is important to point out that it is generally said that such a difference in pay would not affect the quality of service, however, it is important to note that i f the lesser time being given to each client, plus the resources that are available to a public defense are taken in their collectivity, it would mean that there would be an adverse effect on the case which is inevitable. There are public defenders that are more than willing and considerate to take into account the fact that the client is unable to pay and therefore provide him effective services. Another problem in respect of a public defender is the fact that cases cannot be rejected by them and so if a case qualifies it cannot be refused unless there is a good legal reason to it, one of them being conflict of interest. On the contrary private attorney do not have to assign a reason for refusing the case and can do so even if he decides on the basis of chances of success. (Harmon, 2002) It is important to point out to the fact that the monetary element is also to be taken into account in respect of public and private defense. (Hoffman,2004) There have been various surveys which ha ve been conducted in order to evaluate which one is better. On the basis of an evaluation private lawyers have been found to be handling more serious cases that is, cases concerning severe crimes. (Beattie, 1935) The general phenomenon in respect of the pros and cons is the fact that the general act of the people is to secure money and get legal representation if the concerned offence is a serious one and/or the conviction is on the higher side. (McDonald, 1983) As far as a minor offence is concerned the general pros and cons are not taken into account, contrary to when a person who is facing a long prison sentence, who would prefer the time that is given by private defense and therefore arrange for the money. (Hoffman,2004) Another important element of lack of resources is the fact that the public attorney due to the lack of time cannot put adequate amount of research as well as detailed study which can be evaluated and analysed upon by the private defense. (Beattie, 1935) However, an important edge that can be cited to have been attained by general public defense is that of the experience and the repetitive amount of cases in which the general notion and the legal principles remain the same whereby most of the contentions that are to be raised by the defense can be easily prepared for and be presented and the practical experience can be seen as well as cited in respect of the same by the

Criminal Profiling Questions Essay Example for Free

Criminal Profiling Questions Essay 1. Analyze inductive/deductive reasoning. Inductive criminal investigative assessments: The inductive approach to profiling is a based on the simple premise that If certain crimes committed by different people are similar, then the offenders must also share some type of personality traits. (Holmes Holmes, 2009) Inductive reasoning seems to be the more scientific of the two as it is strictly based on criminals that have committed the same or same type of crime. It is much quicker as it is strictly based upon statistics and easily conducted (with the proper databases) searches based on the types of crimes. When you combine the simplicity and the speed at which it can be done, it would seem it would be a foregone conclusion that this is the technique to use. However, inductive assessments are not completely reliable due to no connection to the current crime and strictly relegated to using similar facts and types of crimes to aid in creating a profile. Deductive criminal investigative assessments: From a thorough analysis of the crime scene and the evidence left at the crime scene, the profiler is able to construct a mental picture of the unknown offender. (Holmes Holmes, 2009). Deductive profiling is based upon the artistic ability of putting together the available information and picturing the events that occurred and the offenders that committed these events. Deductive profiling is more complex and takes longer to conduct a thorough enough investigation to begin putting the pieces together to form the entire puzzle. Deductive profiling is much more reliable as it is based on information pertinent to the specific crime committed and not simply based upon similar types of crime that are typically not in any way related to the current crime being investigated. The most popular form of profiling is a combined inductive/deductive profiling. Using inductive profiling, you would compile statistics about similar crimes and use the similarities between the multiple offenders and begin to form the outline of your profile. Using the crime scene information, you would then begin to evaluate from a perspective that is specific to your crime scene and not based on similarities in crimes. Upon completion of using your criminal database to build you outline, you would then apply the specific data derived from the crime scene and begin to apply the details of the offender to complete your profile. Holmes, R. and Holmes, S. (2009). Profiling Violent Crimes, an Investigative Tool (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 2. Goals of criminal profiling 1. Provide the Criminal Justice system with a social and psychological assessment of the offender. Goal 1 is to provide a detailed assessment of the offender which should include specifics (i.e. race, gender, employment, age range, etc.) that narrows the possibilities in which law enforcement can focus their efforts and reduce the scope of the investigation. 2. Provide the Criminal Justice systems with a Psychological evaluation of belongings found in the possession of the offender. Goal 2 is specific to the physical evidence and relevant information in a case and how it relates to the specific offenders psychological profile. This will help in the case by adding to the offenders profile and by helping derive locations, times, etc.. 3. Provide interviewing suggestions and strategies. Goal 3 is to help investigators get to the ground truth, through different methods, during the interrogation process. Different types of people respond to different stimulus, therefore different strategies must be emplaced based upon multiple categories your offender falls into.

Packet-Hiding Method for Preventing Selective Jamming Attack

Packet-Hiding Method for Preventing Selective Jamming Attack Abstract The open nature of the wireless medium leaves it vulnerable to intentional interference attacks, typically referred to as jamming. This intentional interference with wireless transmissions can be used as a launchpad for mounting Denial-of-Service attacks on wireless networks. Typically, jamming has been addressed under an external threat model. However, adversaries with internal knowledge of protocol specifications and network secrets can launch low-effort jamming attacks that are difficult to detect and counter. In this work, we address the problem of selective jamming attacks in wireless networks. In these attacks, the adversary is active only for a short period of time, selectively targeting messages of high importance. We illustrate the advantages of selective jamming in terms of network performance degradation and adversary effort by presenting two case studies; a selective attack on TCP and one on routing.We show that selective jamming attacks can be launched by performing real -time packet classification at the physical layer. To mitigate these attacks, we develop three schemes that prevent real-time packet classification by combining cryptographic primitives with physical-layer attributes. We analyze the security of our methods and evaluate their computational and communication overhead. Algorithm 1. Symmetric encryption algorithm 2. Brute force attacks against block encryption algorithms Algorithm Description We propose a solution based on All-Or- Nothing Transformations (AONT) that introduces a modest communication and computation overhead. Such transformations were originally proposed by Rivest to slow down brute force attacks against block encryption algorithms . An AONT serves as a publicly known and completely invertible pre-processing step to a plaintext before it is passed to an ordinary block encryption algorithm. Architecture Existing System Jamming attacks are much harder to counter and more security problems. They have been shown to actualize severe Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks against wireless networks. In the simplest form of jamming, the adversary interferes with the reception of messages by transmitting a continuous jamming signal , or several short jamming pulses jamming attacks have been considered under an external threat model, in which the jammer is not part of the network. Under this model, jamming strategies include the continuous or random transmission of highpower interference signals Proposed System In this paper, we address the problem of jamming under an internal threat model. We consider a sophisticated adversary who is aware of network secrets and the implementation details of network protocols at any layer in the network stack. The adversary exploits his internal knowledge for launching selective jamming attacks in which specific messages of high importance are targeted. For example, a jammer can target route-request/route-reply messages at the routing layer to prevent route discovery, or target TCP acknowledgments in a TCP session to severely degrade the throughput of an end-to-end flow To launch selective jamming attacks, the adversary must be capable of implementing a classify-then-jam strategy before the completion of a wireless transmission. Such strategy can be actualized either by classifying transmitted packets using protocol semantics, or by decoding packets on the fly. In the latter method, the jammer may decode the first few bits of a packet for recovering useful packet identifiers such as packet type, source and destination address. After classification, the adversary must induce a sufficient number of bit errors so that the packet cannot be recovered at the receiver [34]. Selective jamming requires an intimate knowledge of the physical (PHY) layer, as well as of the specifics of upper layers Modules:- 1. Network module 2. Real Time Packet Classification 3. Selective Jamming Module 4. Strong Hiding Commitment Scheme (SHCS) 5. Cryptographic Puzzle Hiding Scheme (CPHS) Module Descriptions Network module- We address the problem of preventing the jamming node from classifying m in real time, thus mitigating Js ability to perform selective jamming. The network consists of a collection of nodes connected via wireless links. Nodes may communicate directly if they are within communication range, or indirectly via multiple hops. Nodes communicate both in unicast mode and broadcast mode. Communications can be either unencrypted or encrypted. For encrypted broadcast communications, symmetric keys are shared among all intended receivers. These keys are established using preshared pairwise keys or asymmetric cryptography. Real Time Packet Classification Consider the generic communication system depicted in Fig. At the PHY layer, a packet m is encoded, interleaved, and modulated before it is transmitted over the wireless channel. At the receiver, the signal is demodulated, deinterleaved, and decoded, to recover the original packet m. Moreover, even if the encryption key of a hiding scheme were to remain secret, the static portions of a transmitted packet could potentially lead to packet classification. This is because for computationally-efficient encryption methods such as block encryption, the encryption of a prefix plaintext with the same key yields a static ciphertext prefix. Hence, an adversary who is aware of the underlying protocol specifics (structure of the frame) can use the static ciphertext portions of a transmitted packet to classify it. 3. Selective Jamming Module We illustrate the impact of selective jamming attacks on the network performance. implement selective jamming attacks in two multi-hop wireless network scenarios. In the first scenario, the attacker targeted a TCP connection established over a multi-hop wireless route. In the second scenario, the jammer targeted network-layer control messages transmitted during the route establishment process selective jamming would be the encryption of transmitted packets (including headers) with a static key. However, for broadcast communications, this static decryption key must be known to all intended receivers and hence, is susceptible to compromise. An adversary in possession of the decryption key can start decrypting as early as the reception of the first ciphertext block. 4. Strong Hiding Commitment Scheme (SHCS) We propose a strong hiding commitment scheme (SHCS), which is based on symmetric cryptography. Our main motivation is to satisfy the strong hiding property while keeping the computation and communication overhead to a minimum. The computation overhead of SHCS is one symmetric encryption at the sender and one symmetric decryption at the receiver. Because the header information is permuted as a trailer and encrypted, all receivers in the vicinity of a sender must receive the entire packet and decrypt it, before the packet type and destination can be determined. However, in wireless protocols such as 802.11, the complete packet is received at the MAC layer before it is decided if the packet must be discarded or be further processed . If some parts of the MAC header are deemed not to be useful information to the jammer, they can remain unencrypted in the header of the packet, thus avoiding the decryption operation at the receiver. 5. Cryptographic Puzzle Hiding Scheme (CPHS) we present a packet hiding scheme based on cryptographic puzzles. The main idea behind such puzzles is to force the recipient of a puzzle execute a pre-defined set of computations before he is able to extract a secret of interest. The time required for obtaining the solution of a puzzle depends on its hardness and the computational ability of the solver. The advantage of the puzzlebased scheme is that its security does not rely on the PHY layer parameters. However, it has higher computation and communication overhead We consider several puzzle schemes as the basis for CPHS. For each scheme, we analyze the implementation details which impact security and performance. Cryptographic puzzles are primitives originally suggested by Merkle as a method for establishing a secret over an insecure channel. They find a wide range of applications from preventing DoS attacks to providing broadcast authentication and key escrow schemes System Requirements: Hardware Requirements: System: Pentium IV 2.4 GHz. Hard Disk: 40 GB. Floppy Drive: 1.44 Mb. Monitor: 15 VGA Colour. Mouse: Logitech. Ram: 256 Mb. Software Requirements: Operating system :- Windows XP Professional Front End :- JAVA, Swing(JFC),RMI Tool :Eclipse 3.3

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

To the County High School Class of 2012: As you sit in front of me, I know what most of you are thinking at the moment. There are those who are already pondering about what life without high school will be like; those who are debating whether or not to tell your crush tonight about your whispers of adoration you’ve secretly held for four years; some simply want to get out of that ungodly chair, get that thing that isn’t really a diploma but only tells you when to pick up the thing, and then be the first one on the green bus to the grad party — you know who you are. And the rest, well, the rest aren’t even paying attention, you’re thinking, â€Å"Great, here comes one of the valedictorian speakers. Next up: a boring speech straight out of the pits of scholarly hell.† And it’s OK, I don’t mind — that sort of thing comes with the territory. But tonight, I ask that you give me a chance to break that stereotype so that I may a ddress you in the full splendor that you deserve after 13 grueling years of work. I do not want to be known as your â€Å"valedictorian† as I stand here, c’mon guys, there is no time left to place labels on people anymore, instead I ask that you accept me as one of your peers — and as a man who will enjoy becoming a graduate alongside you. Over the last three days I’ve been through two drafts of this speech, one dealing with the future and the other dealing with the past. I had the usual â€Å"we are entering a new chapter in our lives† spiel, and then, because everyone pressured me to â€Å"make it funny,† I followed this with some witticisms on flatulence and going to jail; and then going to jail for flatulence; and then flatulence inside a jail with a guy named Red. Needless to say, I ditched those speeches. Twenty-four ho... ...e that comes from the reflective mood of the evening. Enjoy the silence while you can for it is anticlimax you weren’t expecting after you finished LHS. Capture the silence as an aspect of taste. Remember it. Finally, take a deep breath, and smile at that wonderful smell: the aroma of relief. After years of following the path of public schooling, I invite you to welcome the liberation that comes from graduation. This sugary aroma only comes once in a lifetime. Capture it with your sense of smell. Remember it in the years to come. As our time together draws to a close, I leave LHS with no further anecdotes of wisdom or quotes dealing with success; only the sincere hope that you immersed yourself in the essence of commencement. Everybody, we’ll all be graduates by the time we leave tonight. Let’s enjoy it. Congratulations to the Lee High School Class of 2006.

Political Cartoon Assignment Essay

The political cartoon that I chose mainly aims towards people who are concerned about the environment and people who are against The American Clean Energy and Security Act. An every day citizen may not get the entire meaning of the cartoon if they do not know the motive behind it or do not follow politics and environmental news. The cartoon is political because it clearly states two things that weigh heavily on the minds of the public right now: tax and the environment. While this doesn’t typically necessarily mean that a cartoon would be political, the word â€Å"bill† on the page in the man’s hand points in the direction of political. The cartoon effectively shows two sides of the issue: one where the public is being told that the bill would cause a tax increase that the American consumers would ultimately have to deal with and another side where the environmentally-conscious person is saying that it’s just a scare tactic and that it would cause more good than harm for the country. At first glance, the cartoon was humorous, but the more I looked at it and began to understand what it was talking about, my thoughts began to change. Although it’s still funny, the cartoon carries a deeper meaning than just entertainment. The main thing that I felt was slight irritation that people could think that there are only two ways of looking at the issue and that people could be so concerned about taxes that they don’t even think about the environment that we’re living in. Although what is being shown is comical, the emotions behind what the artist is trying to show the viewer is not. Even if he shows that there are two sides of the issue, he still wants you to realize that economists are using the current state of the economy to play on your emotions and try to convince you that you’re ultimately hurting yourself by supporting the bill. Whether or not the artist was successful in the attempt to persuade the viewer into a way of thinking is up to the interpretation of each individual person. For me, it was successful. I was able to see the two different sides of the issue and while I understand both, I was able to draw my own conclusion and say that there needs to be some sort of middle ground. In part, the artist wants you to see how you’re being manipulated by the economists and the people that are against the bill to believe that the bill will have more of an impact on your bank account in terms of more taxes rather than having a good impact on the environment. Although I’ve always known that there are people who are against the bill, before seeing it in cartoon form, I never really realized that they really might be just a way of making people choose one or the other; the environment or your money. In terms of opening my eyes, the artist was successful.

The Art Differences between Mediecal and Renaissance essays

The Art Differences between Mediecal and Renaissance essays Michelangelos painting of The Holy Family with the infant St. John the Baptist catches my eye more so than Jan van Eycks Madonna in the Church. These two paintings differ in many aspects because they come from two different periods of time. Renaissance paintings were often of great leaders or people of great importance, whereas Medieval paintings were mainly tied in with the Church or religion. Paintings in the Medieval years use less vivid colors than paintings in the Rennaisance. Eycks painting looks as though a mixture of four or five dark colors were used, whereas Michelangelo uses a variety of strong, bright colors. Michelangelos painting also takes on a three-dimensional effect, where you can tell that there is depth in the picture as Eycks painting does not have the same dimensional effect. Michelangelo uses this dimensional effect to make the painting more realistic to help the viewer feel as though they were inside the picture. He uses a great deal of scenery, such as the details in the landscaping of the grass and the mountains and hills in the background. Michelangelo also uses many variations in size which helps add depth to the picture. The people in the background are smaller than the people in the foreground, showing that these people are placed behind St. John the Baptist. Along with the variation in size, Michelango also uses shading or chiaroscuro to add to the three dimensional look. He uses these techniques in the appearance of the people as well as the scenery. Michelangelo adds expressions to the faces of the people in the painting, suggesting that each individual has his or her own personality. The paintings in the Renaissance use the nude to depict humanity, as Michelangelo does with the people in the background of the painting. Eyck, on the other hand does not share the use of these techniques that Michelangelo applied to his paintings. The M ...